Deductions fall into three groups: ones the law requires (taxes, court-ordered garnishments), ones you choose (health insurance, retirement), and ones that benefit the employer (uniforms, cash shortages, breakage, walkouts, card fees on tips).
Federal law says wages must be paid "free and clear" (29 CFR 531.35). Deductions that benefit the employer cannot push your pay below the minimum wage or cut into overtime pay. For someone paid a tipped cash wage, there is usually little or no room for them.
Many states go further and ban some of these deductions outright or require your written consent. California, New York, Massachusetts and Oregon are examples. See which deductions are illegal.
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